Субклад A2

Субклад A2 — это одна из основных митохондриальных гаплогрупп, выделяемая на основе мутаций в мтДНК. Гаплогруппа A2 является дочерней линией по отношению к макрогаплогруппе A, которая, в свою очередь, происходит от гаплогруппы N. Субклад A2 широко распространён среди коренных народов Сибири, а также среди популяций Северной и Южной Америки, что свидетельствует о его древнем происхождении и связи с миграционными процессами в Евразии и заселением Нового Света.

Происхождение и филогенетика

Митохондриальная гаплогруппа A (мтДНК) возникла, по оценкам, около 30–50 тысяч лет назад в Восточной Азии. Её дочерняя линия A2 сформировалась в результате накопления специфических мутаций, которые отделяют её от других субкладов, таких как A4, A5, A7, A8 и A10. Возраст субклада A2 оценивается в 15–20 тысяч лет, что совпадает с периодом позднего плейстоцена и последнего ледникового максимума.

Филогенетически субклад A2 определяется следующими ключевыми мутациями в кодирующей области митохондриального генома: 64, 153, 235, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16111, 16290, 16319. Эти маркеры позволяют уверенно идентифицировать образцы мтДНК как принадлежащие к A2. Внутри субклада выделяют множество подгрупп (субкладов второго порядка), таких как A2a, A2b, A2c, A2d, A2e, A2f, A2g, A2h, A2i, A2j, A2k, A2l, A2m, A2n, A2o, A2p, A2q, A2r, A2s, A2t, A2u, A2v, A2w, A2x, A2y, A2z, а также 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